A/B testing, also called split testing, is a method for comparing the current version with a change and determining which version produces better results. It is commonly used in marketing, e-commerce, web development, and other fields to assess users' responses to changes.
Definition and examples: A/B testingIn software engineering, particularly in databases and transaction management, ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. These properties are a cornerstone of databases and transaction management systems.
Definition and examples: ACIDA step the automation performs after the trigger: writing to a CRM, sending a message, or creating a task.
Definition and examples: ActionAn AI agent is an artificial intelligence system that can respond to requests, make decisions, and perform real-world tasks. It uses a large language model to interpret input and choose how to process a request using the information and resources available to it.
Definition and examples: Agent (AI agent)Information stored so an agent can use it beyond a single request, such as task state or preferences, according to the application's storage mechanism.
Definition and examples: Agent memoryAgile software development is an approach in which software is developed in short cycles, feedback is gathered, and direction is adjusted as needed instead of planning everything in advance.
Definition and examples: Agile software developmentArtificial intelligence is the ability of technological systems and computers to simulate aspects of human intelligence, including learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and visual or linguistic perception. Unlike software that follows a fixed set of instructions, these systems identify patterns in data and adapt to changing circumstances.
Definition and examples: AIAn application programming interface (API) defines how software can request information or actions from other software. In business automation, it can be used, for example, to search for a customer, update an order, or create a task without performing those actions manually on screen.
Definition and examples: APIAn API key is a value included with a request to a service to identify the connection, associate usage with an account, or grant access, according to the provider's rules. The key type determines what it allows and whether it must be kept secret.
Definition and examples: API keyAn artificial neural network (ANN), also called a neural network or connectionist network, is a computational mathematical model developed in inspiration from brain or cognitive processes that occur in a natural neural network and used in machine learning. This type of network usually contains many information units (inputs and outputs) connected to one another, with connections that often pass through “hidden” information units (hidden layers).
Definition and examples: Artificial neural networkA robot that runs alongside the user while they work, for example, filling in fields after a click.
Definition and examples: Attended automationA record of significant actions that includes the actor's identity, time, and result, so it is possible to determine who changed or approved something.
Definition and examples: Audit logAutomation uses mechanical or electronic devices to perform a planned sequence of actions without human intervention. It frees people from routine, repetitive tasks by replacing them with independent technological means.
Definition and examples: AutomationBase64 is a data encoding method that represents binary data in text format. Each sequence of six bits is represented by one ASCII character from a set of 64 possible characters. The term Base64 originates from a particular MIME encoding.
Definition and examples: Base64Processing a group of records together instead of performing a separate, immediate operation for each record, based on a set group size or schedule.
Definition and examples: Batch processingMapping and managing a workflow end to end: who approves, what happens next, and where it gets stuck.
Definition and examples: BPMIn Meta documentation, partners are entities that deploy value-added solutions as authorized WhatsApp service providers on behalf of clients. The current official name is Solution Partner (the market still says BSP): a Meta partner that provides full platform services (messaging, billing, integration, and support) and may extend a line of credit to a client.
Definition and examples: BSPBusiness intelligence (BI) is a field of information technology concerned with building systems that help an organization extract business-relevant information from the data it collects. Business intelligence systems provide historical and current information, as well as forecasts, about business operations. They can help identify meaningful patterns for managing an organization and create reports, alerts, and signals to support management decisions.
Definition and examples: Business intelligenceOn the WhatsApp Platform, a business portfolio lets an organization manage its Meta assets in one place. It primarily acts as a container for WhatsApp Business Accounts (WABAs), and is required to use the platform. Buyers in Israel still commonly say Business Manager.
Definition and examples: Business ManagerA business phone number, real or virtual, is used to send and receive WhatsApp messages.
Definition and examples: Business phone numberA CAPTCHA (short for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is a challenge-response test in computing intended to ensure that a response is not generated by a computer. Typically, the computer presenting the test asks a random question that a person can answer but that is very difficult for a computer.
Definition and examples: CAPTCHAIn cryptography, a certificate authority (CA) is an entity that stores, signs, and issues digital certificates. A digital certificate confirms that a public key belongs to the certificate holder. The CA acts as a trusted third party between the certificate holder and the party relying on the certificate.
Definition and examples: Certificate authorityA chatbot is software that specializes in managing text conversations, using natural language or a limited script. A conversation can be intended for marketing, consultation, customer service, or training, and the bot can be based on a language model or predefined rules.
Definition and examples: ChatbotSplitting a document into parts that can be indexed, searched, and passed to a model separately while preserving context about the source.
Definition and examples: ChunkingAn automated process that checks changes and prepares or performs a deployment according to set rules, instead of relying on manual steps for every update.
Definition and examples: CI/CDA business employee who builds automation without being a programmer, using tools such as Make or Power Automate.
Definition and examples: Citizen developerThe WhatsApp Business Platform Cloud API lets you programmatically send and receive WhatsApp messages and calls, including text, rich media, and interactive messages. It runs on Meta's infrastructure and does not require a business to host its own WhatsApp server.
Definition and examples: Cloud APICloud computing is a model that provides convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of computing resources (processing, storage, connectivity, and services).
Definition and examples: Cloud computingA content management system (CMS) is software for managing, editing, and publishing content on a website or intranet.
Definition and examples: CMS (Content management system)In n8n, the Code node lets you write JavaScript or Python code and run it as a step in a workflow. It replaced the Function and Function Item nodes starting with version 0.198.0.
Definition and examples: Code nodeCVE (short for Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) is a standardized system for identifying and recording known security vulnerabilities, with a unique identifier assigned to each one. The system is maintained by MITRE, with funding from the United States Department of Homeland Security.
Definition and examples: Common Vulnerabilities and ExposuresComputer vision is a major field of computer science concerned with the automatic processing of images and video to extract and interpret the visual information they contain. Practitioners develop mathematical and software tools for processing visual information.
Definition and examples: Computer visionHandling multiple tasks during the same period of time instead of waiting for each task to finish before starting the next.
Definition and examples: ConcurrencyConfiguration management is a process that keeps a system consistently aligned with its requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life.
Definition and examples: Configuration managementA Content Delivery Network, or CDN, is a system based on proxy servers and data centers. A CDN improves the speed and quality of data delivery to end users of websites by distributing servers geographically.
Definition and examples: Content delivery networkIn OpenAI documentation, the context window is the model's memory limit for a single generation request: how much data it can consider at one time. It is measured in tokens (pieces of input such as text or images), and its size varies between models.
Definition and examples: Context windowMicrosoft Copilot is a generative AI chatbot developed by Microsoft AI. During 2023, Microsoft unified the Copilot brand across its chatbot products (including Bing Chat and Microsoft 365), as an assistant in Windows, Edge, and Microsoft 365.
Definition and examples: CopilotIn n8n, credentials are authentication information stored securely to connect workflows to external services such as APIs or databases.
Definition and examples: CredentialCustomer relationship management is a field focused on customer service and understanding customer needs through information tools. It includes methodologies and software that help an organization manage customer relationships: acquisition, retention, and customer base development.
Definition and examples: CRMCron is a tool for scheduling jobs on Unix-like operating systems. It is commonly used to schedule tasks, commands, or scripts at fixed intervals or dates, so it is especially common in system maintenance and administration.
Definition and examples: CronXSS (short for Cross-site scripting) is a cyberattack against a web user that exploits a vulnerability in a web application. It allows an attacker to inject a malicious script intended to run in a user's browser and perform actions on the user's behalf on the site.
Definition and examples: Cross-site scriptingIn digital communications and computer science, a hash function is a function that converts input of any length into output of a fixed length, usually much shorter. It is undesirable for a hash function to produce identical output for different inputs, but this is sometimes unavoidable. Hash functions are therefore measured by the probability of producing identical output.
Definition and examples: Cryptographic hash functionCSRF (short for Cross Site Request Forgery) is an attack against a web user that forces the user's browser to perform unintended actions in web applications on the user's behalf by exploiting limitations in the HTTP protocol.
Definition and examples: CSRFCSV is a way to store tables as plain text: each record is on a line, and fields are separated by a character (usually a comma). It is commonly used to transfer information between spreadsheets, databases, and automations.
Definition and examples: CSVOn the WhatsApp Platform, the customer service window is the period after a user contacts a business during which non-template messages can be sent. Outside this window, businesses generally send template messages, which are subject to sending limits.
Definition and examples: Customer service windowA data breach is a security incident in which an unauthorized party accesses information, accidentally or deliberately.
Definition and examples: Data breachMatching fields in a source system to fields in a destination system, including converting names, types, and values.
Definition and examples: Data mappingData mining is the use of statistical tools to find correlations and trends in large amounts of information from different sources, even when the information is not organized as a database.
Definition and examples: Data miningChecking that input meets defined rules, such as required fields, data types, ranges, and relationships between values.
Definition and examples: Data validationA data warehouse is a database used by decision support systems. Data is usually exported from one or more operational systems for analysis.
Definition and examples: Data warehouseA database is a means of storing data in an organized way on a computer for retrieval and processing. It is stored on a data storage medium, usually a hard drive, that allows direct access to the data.
Definition and examples: DatabaseA separate queue for messages that were not processed successfully under the system's retry policy, so they can be reviewed and handled.
Definition and examples: Dead-letter queueIdentifying records or events that represent the same thing and deciding how to prevent them from being created or processed more than once.
Definition and examples: DeduplicationDeep learning is a set of machine learning methods based on artificial neural networks. “Deep” refers to learning through layered structures that progressively extract features from raw data.
Definition and examples: Deep LearningIn data communications, a denial-of-service attack (DoS) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS) is a family of attacks intended to disable a computer system by placing an unusual load on its resources. DoS describes an attack originating from a single computer, while DDoS describes an attack originating from multiple synchronized computers.
Definition and examples: Denial-of-service attackA digital signature is a cryptographic method intended to verify the authenticity and integrity of a digital message or document. A valid digital signature indicates with a high degree of confidence that the message or document has not been corrupted or forged: it was created or sent by a known party and was not changed by a third party after signing, or otherwise tampered with.
Definition and examples: Digital signatureDomainKeys Identified Mail, commonly known by the acronym DKIM, is an email authentication protocol developed to identify spoofing and impersonation. It does this by signing every outgoing email message. The public signing key is published in the Domain Name System (DNS).
Definition and examples: DKIMDNS is a protocol that lets network endpoints translate human-friendly domain names into numeric IP addresses. It also provides other name-based services, such as listing mail servers.
Definition and examples: DNSDocker is open-source software for running applications in an isolated virtual environment called a container. Each container includes its own software, libraries, and configuration files, so the application runs consistently without interfering with other applications.
Definition and examples: DockerEmbeddings are numerical representations of data using vectors. AI uses them to interpret complex data and relationships, and vector databases store them for retrieval.
Definition and examples: EmbeddingsEncryption is a cryptographic process for encoding information that converts its original representation, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Encryption systems generally use a pseudorandom encryption key generated by an algorithm.
Definition and examples: EncryptionA specific address in an API that performs one action, such as creating a lead or sending a message.
Definition and examples: EndpointAn enterprise resource planning system is an administrative information system that handles an organization's needs (human resources, finance, marketing, logistics, and operations) as a whole. It unifies systems through a consistent interface and shared information.
Definition and examples: ERPRules that define how a process responds to a failure, which details are retained, and whether it stops, retries, or escalates for handling.
Definition and examples: Error handlingData transfer: extract data from a source, transform it into a consistent format, and load it into a destination (such as a spreadsheet, warehouse, or CRM).
Definition and examples: ETLAccording to OpenAI, evaluations (sometimes called evals) check a model's output against predefined style and content criteria. Writing evals is an essential part of building reliable LLM applications, especially when upgrading a model or trying a new one.
Definition and examples: EvalsOrganizing a process so that a change or event triggers responses in other systems, instead of one component managing everything through a continuous sequence of calls.
Definition and examples: Event-driven architectureIn n8n, an execution is one run of a workflow. It can be started manually during testing or automatically in production through a trigger, schedule, or polling.
Definition and examples: ExecutionAn expert system is a computerized information system that performs the role of a human expert, or assists one, in a specific field of knowledge. It is a computer program that represents knowledge, draws conclusions from it, and can explain how it reached those conclusions.
Definition and examples: Expert systemA waiting strategy in which the interval between retries increases up to a set limit, to reduce load on a failing service.
Definition and examples: Exponential backoffIn n8n, expressions let you populate fields dynamically using JavaScript and data from previous nodes, other workflows, or the n8n environment.
Definition and examples: ExpressionFine-tuning is the process of adapting a trained model for another task, usually a more focused one. Additional training on new data is applied to parameters that have already been trained, across the whole network or some of its layers.
Definition and examples: Fine-tuningIn data communications, a firewall is a system for monitoring and blocking unwanted connections to a communications network or individual computer. At its core, a firewall is a "smart" router connecting a secured network to networks whose security cannot be guaranteed, such as the internet.
Definition and examples: Firewall (computing)A freelancer is a self-employed professional who provides services for predefined tasks to multiple clients, with control over how the work is done. There is no employer-employee relationship between the freelancer and the client, and the freelancer chooses clients, workload, and payment terms.
Definition and examples: FreelancerFreemium is a business model in which the product's basic tier is free, while advanced features are sold separately. It is a common model for digital tools.
Definition and examples: FreemiumIn OpenAI documentation, function calling (also called tool calling) is a mechanism that lets a model connect to external systems and access data outside its training data. The model returns a tool call with arguments, and the application runs the function and returns the result to the model.
Definition and examples: Function callingThe GDPR is the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation. It governs the processing of personal data and people's rights. Whether it applies, and what requirements apply to a particular process, depends on the activities and circumstances.
Definition and examples: GDPRGenerative artificial intelligence is a term for systems that produce new content (text, images, code, and more) instead of only retrieving existing information.
Definition and examples: Generative AIGit is an open-source distributed version control system that tracks changes to code and allows several people to work on it together.
Definition and examples: GitGPT is the name of a family of OpenAI language models that can process and generate content from input and instructions. Capabilities, pricing, and usage limits vary by model and access method.
Definition and examples: GPTA graph database stores information in a graph structure: nodes represent entities, edges represent the relationships between them, and properties describe both. This structure is especially useful for queries about relationships, such as a customer network or knowledge graph.
Definition and examples: Graph databaseGraphQL is an open-source query language and data manipulation language for APIs at runtime. It was developed at Facebook in 2012 and released in 2015, and lets a client request exactly the fields it needs.
Definition and examples: GraphQLgRPC (short for gRPC Remote Procedure Calls) is an open-source, cross-platform software framework for RPC. The gRPC software layer was originally created by Google. It uses HTTP/2 for data transport and Protocol Buffers as its interface description language.
Definition and examples: gRPCAccording to NVIDIA NeMo, guardrails are a programmable control layer around LLM applications. They block, modify, or validate user input and model output that is unsafe, off-topic, malicious, or policy-violating.
Definition and examples: GuardrailsIn artificial intelligence, a hallucination occurs when a large language model mistakenly perceives patterns or objects that do not exist. In the context of RAG, an ungrounded answer includes a guess or hallucination unsupported by the source documents.
Definition and examples: HallucinationThe transfer of a task from one agent, bot, or team to another, along with the information and responsibility needed to continue it.
Definition and examples: HandoffA helpdesk is a department or person that provides assistance and information, usually for computer or electronics issues. Research in this field also emphasizes the helpdesk's unique position: daily conversations with customers or employees about problems and how to use systems.
Definition and examples: HelpdeskHuman-in-the-loop (HITL) means incorporating a human decision, review, or approval into an automated process. In business automation, a process can prepare an action, wait for a person, and continue, change, or stop only after that person's decision.
Definition and examples: HITLHTTP is a protocol for transferring HTML pages and objects over the web. Communication begins with an exchange between a client and a server, from which requests such as GET or POST follow. REST calls, webhooks, and most cloud APIs are based on these requests.
Definition and examples: HTTP requestInfrastructure as a service is a cloud service in which users receive computing resources for their use: they can install virtual machines, operating systems, and applications, allocate storage, and set backup and scaling policies.
Definition and examples: IaaSIdempotency is a property of an action where repeating the same request does not add an intended effect beyond the first execution. In automation, it is used to prevent a retry from creating the same business action again.
Definition and examples: IdempotencyIn Make, incomplete executions are a safety mechanism that saves a scenario run that failed because of an error, so the scenario does not stop and data is not lost. The saved run can be handled automatically or manually. The mechanism is disabled by default.
Definition and examples: Incomplete executionsInfrastructure as code (IaC) is the process of managing and provisioning computing data-center resources using machine-readable configuration files rather than physical hardware configuration or interactive configuration tools. The IT infrastructure managed through this process includes both physical equipment, such as bare-metal servers, and virtual machines, along with related configuration resources.
Definition and examples: Infrastructure as codeIntegration means combining systems. Between systems, it is a connection that transfers data or triggers actions without manual copying.
Definition and examples: IntegrationIntegration tests check how a part of a system works together with other parts and systems it connects to.
Definition and examples: Integration testingiPaaS is a suite of cloud services that lets customers develop, run, and manage integration processes between different applications. Customers build the connections without installing or managing hardware or middleware themselves.
Definition and examples: iPaaSISO/IEC 27001 (commonly called ISO 27001) is an international standard for information security management. It was first published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2005, then updated in 2013 and again in 2022.
Definition and examples: ISO 27001ISO/IEC 27701 is an international standard that extends ISO/IEC 27001 with privacy requirements. Its purpose is to establish and maintain a privacy information management system on top of an existing information security management system.
Definition and examples: ISO 27701The Privacy Protection Law, 5741-1981, is Israel's principal law governing the right to privacy. It also covers databases and the use of personal information, so it is relevant to automation processes that collect or transfer customer details. The scope of obligations in each case depends on the circumstances.
Definition and examples: Israeli Privacy Protection LawIVR systems are automated telephony systems that interact with callers, collect information, and route calls to the appropriate destination. They work with speech recognition and DTMF input from the phone keypad.
Definition and examples: IVRJSON is a standard file and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transfer key-value data structures. It is commonly used to exchange information between a server and a client in automations and APIs.
Definition and examples: JSONA structured description of the shape of JSON data and the rules that apply to it, such as required fields, types, and allowed values.
Definition and examples: JSON SchemaJWT (JSON Web Token) is a standard for transferring signed information between two parties in JSON format. A common use is as an access token for authentication: after the server verifies the client, it issues a token, and the client presents it without sending a password again.
Definition and examples: JWTA knowledge graph is a structured representation of knowledge in graph form. Entities such as people, places, organizations, concepts, or events are represented as nodes, and the relationships between them as labeled edges. A knowledge graph aims to make facts and relationships explicit in a form that both people and computer systems can process.
Definition and examples: Knowledge graphKey performance indicators (KPIs) are the metrics an organization uses to assess its performance.
Definition and examples: KPI (Key performance indicator)Kubernetes, sometimes abbreviated as k8s and pronounced "koo-ber-NET-eez," is an open-source system for managing and automatically deploying applications in containers. It was originally designed by Google and is now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation. Kubernetes supports a range of container tools, including containerd and rkt.
Definition and examples: KubernetesA landing page is a single web page visitors arrive at from an advertising link. Its purpose is to focus visitors on one message and prompt an action: submitting contact details (a lead) or making a purchase.
Definition and examples: Landing pageLatency is the time from when a process is initiated until it actually begins to run. In a conversation with an agent or an API call, it is the time elapsed before a response is received.
Definition and examples: LatencyLDAP is an open protocol for accessing and managing directory services over IP networks. It is used to share information about users, systems, and services over a network, mainly within internal networks.
Definition and examples: LDAPGranting only the permissions needed for a task and its resources, rather than broad access by default.
Definition and examples: Least privilegeA large language model is a deep learning architecture for processing, predicting, and generating human language. It is trained on large amounts of text, has many parameters, and uses an attention mechanism that enables it to understand context.
Definition and examples: LLMIn computer science, load balancing is the distribution of work among multiple computers to reduce workload. In computing, load balancing improves the distribution of workloads across computing resources such as computers, computer clusters, network links, central processing units, or disk drives.
Definition and examples: Load balancing (computing)Recording events from a process or application to document what happened, at which stage, and with what result, at a defined level of detail.
Definition and examples: LoggingA low-code development platform provides an environment, usually a graphical interface, where little or no code is written. It can generate a working application or require additional code for specific cases, shortening delivery time.
Definition and examples: Low-codeMachine translation is the translation of text from one language to another by computer software.
Definition and examples: Machine translationMake (formerly Integromat) is an automation platform that connects apps and services to automate processes and tasks, including complex end-to-end workflows, without requiring coding expertise.
Definition and examples: MakeMCP (Model Context Protocol) is an open standard for connecting AI applications to external systems: data sources, tools, and workflows. The official documentation compares it to a USB-C port for AI.
Definition and examples: MCPTemplates are messages that can be prepared in advance. Approval is usually required before they can be sent. This is the type of message that can be sent to WhatsApp users outside the customer service window, and it is subject to quality ratings and sending limits.
Definition and examples: Message templateMeta Platforms (trade name Meta) is an American technology company that operates Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Messenger, among other services. The WhatsApp Business Platform runs on Meta infrastructure, including Graph API, business portfolios, and Cloud API.
Definition and examples: MetaMetadata is "information about information." The prefix meta comes from Greek and can mean "about," "after," or "beyond."
Definition and examples: MetadataMulti-factor authentication is electronic authentication that uses two or more methods to grant access to an account or system. Its purpose is to provide protection even if one authentication method fails.
Definition and examples: MFAMiddleware is computer software that connects software components or applications. It is generally used to develop and run complex, distributed applications.
Definition and examples: MiddlewareA minimum viable product (MVP) is an initial version of a product with the minimum needed for basic use, so you can learn from users quickly.
Definition and examples: Minimum viable productMachine learning is a subfield of computer science and artificial intelligence focused on algorithms that enable computers to learn from examples. It is used for tasks where conventional programming with predefined rules is not feasible.
Definition and examples: MLMQTT is a lightweight protocol for transferring messages between devices over a network. It suits environments with limited bandwidth, such as IoT and cellular networks, because it uses few resources.
Definition and examples: MQTTn8n is an automation platform for workflows and AI agents: build visually, add code when needed, and connect to hundreds of integrations. It can run in its cloud or on your own infrastructure.
Definition and examples: n8nIn n8n, a workflow is a collection of nodes that automates a process. (The general term is already in the live glossary; this is the n8n term.)
Definition and examples: n8n workflowNamed-entity recognition is a natural language processing task that extracts names of entities from text and classifies them into categories. These entities are usually people, organizations, locations, dates, quantities, monetary values, percentages, and more.
Definition and examples: Named-entity recognitionNatural language processing is a subfield of artificial intelligence and linguistics. It focuses on processing natural language and understanding human text or speech so computers can handle things said or written in human languages.
Definition and examples: NLPNo-code development means building applications or processes through a visual interface and configuration, instead of writing most of the integration in code. Advanced capabilities and customizations depend on the platform and process requirements.
Definition and examples: No-codeIn n8n, nodes are the components used to build a workflow. A node defines when the workflow runs, retrieves or sends data, controls logic, or connects to external services.
Definition and examples: NodeNumber portability is the ability for phone users to change their phone service provider without also changing their phone number. Before this capability was introduced, keeping a phone number when switching providers was possible only if that same number was available with the new provider.
Definition and examples: Number portabilityOAuth is an internet standard for delegated authorization. It lets a service access resources on another server on the owner's behalf, without requiring the user to give the third party their credentials for that server.
Definition and examples: OAuthObject-relational mapping (ORM) is a programming technique used in object-oriented programming languages to convert data between incompatible type systems: complex types (objects) in object-oriented programming languages and tables in relational databases.
Definition and examples: Object-relational mappingThe ability to understand what is happening in a system from signals such as logs, metrics, and request traces, and to investigate why a process behaved as it did.
Definition and examples: ObservabilityConverting an image or PDF into text that can be searched and processed.
Definition and examples: OCRIn cryptography and information security, a one-time password, or OTP, is a password used for a single authentication and then discarded. Because it is used only once, such a system provides what is called strong authentication and is resistant to replay attacks.
Definition and examples: One-time passwordOpen source refers to software whose source code is accessible and free to use, modify, and redistribute. This development model lets anyone who wishes to participate in developing the software and contribute to improving it.
Definition and examples: Open sourceSwagger is a suite of tools for API developers from SmartBear Software. It was also formerly the name of a specification from which the OpenAPI Specification evolved.
Definition and examples: OpenAPIUnder the WhatsApp Business Policy, user consent is required before sending template messages. The consent should clearly identify the business and the purpose of the messages.
Definition and examples: Opt-inOperating-system-level virtualization is a virtualization method used in computer systems, especially servers. It relies on the operating system kernel's ability to provide multiple separate user spaces that share a common operating system kernel. Such instances, sometimes called containers or software containers, appear to their owners and users to be real servers.
Definition and examples: OS-level virtualizationOverfitting is a condition in which a model is fitted too closely to the data it was trained on, so it performs worse when making predictions on new data.
Definition and examples: OverfittingPlatform as a service provides a platform for running or developing applications. Users get both computing resources and the infrastructure software needed to run or develop applications, without managing all the hardware themselves.
Definition and examples: PaaSDividing a list of results into multiple pages or segments, retrieved by page number, continuation link, or progress cursor.
Definition and examples: PaginationA penetration test (also called a pentest or PT) is a planned and controlled attack on a computer system carried out by a tester (a hacker or penetration tester) to find security weaknesses, assess the potential access they could provide, and evaluate the value of that access and the information stored by the system.
Definition and examples: Penetration testPhishing is an online scam in which someone impersonates a familiar party to steal sensitive information, such as passwords or payment details.
Definition and examples: PhishingA periodic check in which a system queries a data source at intervals to find out whether data has been added or changed.
Definition and examples: PollingA point of sale is the time and place where a retail transaction is completed: the merchant calculates the total, the customer pays, and a receipt may be issued.
Definition and examples: POSPretraining is the first stage of training a language model, in which the model learns from a large amount of unlabeled text.
Definition and examples: PretrainingIn software deployment, the production environment is the environment end users interact with. In an industrial setting, it is separated from the development environment, sometimes with intermediate stages for testing and rollback.
Definition and examples: ProductionA prompt is the input a large language model uses to generate text. Prompt engineering is the practice of writing effective instructions so a model consistently produces content that meets requirements.
Definition and examples: PromptPrompt engineering is a technique in the field of artificial intelligence. A “prompt” in this context is a specific input, usually an instruction, question, or query, given to an AI model or language model to produce a particular output.
Definition and examples: Prompt engineeringAn attempt to make a model follow instructions from input or external content that is not an authority, contrary to the task and the application's restrictions.
Definition and examples: Prompt injectionA proxy server, also known in Hebrew as an intermediary server, primarily provides fast access to external resources on a computer network. It can conceal an IP address by routing all internet connections through the proxy server: data is sent to it and then to the server, and back through it to the user.
Definition and examples: Proxy serverThe public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the worldwide network of circuit-switched telephone networks. Bezeq's telephone network in Israel is one of the networks included in it.
Definition and examples: PSTNPublic-key encryption, also called asymmetric encryption, is a branch of cryptography in which the encryption key differs from the decryption key. Each user generates a pair of keys: a public key, which is available to anyone and used for encryption, and a corresponding private key, which is kept secret and used for decryption.
Definition and examples: Public-key cryptographyA mechanism that holds tasks or messages until another component is available to process them, separating work intake from execution.
Definition and examples: QueueA race condition is a situation where a system's result depends on the order in which multiple processes run concurrently, or on events that do not occur at the expected time.
Definition and examples: Race conditionRAG is a technique that gives language models access to new information from external sources to improve their answers. The system retrieves relevant documents and grounds the answer in current or internal knowledge, sometimes through a vector database.
Definition and examples: RAGRansomware is malicious software that blocks access to affected computer systems and demands a ransom payment to remove the restriction.
Definition and examples: RansomwareRate limiting controls the rate at which requests are sent to or received by a network interface. On the WhatsApp platform, API requests count toward the app's request quota in a rolling one-hour window, and there are also message and throughput limits.
Definition and examples: Rate limitRedis is an in-memory NoSQL database that stores information as key-value pairs, making it especially fast. In automation systems, it is often used as a cache and task queue, for example when running n8n in queue mode.
Definition and examples: RedisRegression tests verify that a change or new version has not broken capabilities that worked before.
Definition and examples: Regression testingA regular expression (Regex) is a sequence of characters that defines a search pattern in text. In automation, regular expressions are used to find, extract, or validate information, such as a phone number or email address in an incoming message.
Definition and examples: Regular expression (Regex)Reinforcement learning, also called learning through reinforcement, is a field of machine learning in computer science concerned with how agents act in a dynamic environment to maximize the cumulative reward resulting from their actions. Reinforcement learning is considered one of three machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised learning and unsupervised learning.
Definition and examples: Reinforcement learningReinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a method for training a language model that has already undergone pretraining, so that it behaves in accordance with human preferences.
Definition and examples: Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF)A relational database stores information in tables with relationships between them, and data is usually retrieved using SQL.
Definition and examples: Relational databaseA step that reorders candidates already retrieved by a search, based on how well they match the question or task.
Definition and examples: RerankingREST is an architectural style for implementing network services (APIs). Its central idea is to define a resource whose state changes through interactions between a provider and a consumer, usually over HTTP.
Definition and examples: RESTAnother attempt to run an action that failed, when there is reason to believe the failure is temporary and repeating the action is appropriate.
Definition and examples: RetryA reverse proxy is a server that receives requests from clients, retrieves resources from one or more servers behind it, and returns them as if they came from the proxy.
Definition and examples: Reverse proxyReturn on investment (ROI) is a financial metric that assesses whether investing money, time, or other resources in a particular activity is worthwhile.
Definition and examples: ROI (Return on investment)In computer security, role-based access control, or RBAC, is an approach to managing user permissions. It can implement either mandatory access control (MAC) or discretionary access control (DAC).
Definition and examples: Role-based access controlReverting code or a configuration to an earlier version after a problematic change. It does not automatically undo business actions that have already taken place.
Definition and examples: RollbackRobotic process automation (RPA) uses software robots to perform repetitive actions, often through user interfaces. It can work alongside AI capabilities, but does not require a language model or AI agent.
Definition and examples: RPASoftware that runs at the provider and is accessed through a browser or app, without installing a server at your organization.
Definition and examples: SaaSIn deployment environments, a sandbox (or experimental environment) is a place for experiments that are not intended to move into production. It appears alongside environments such as QC and acceptance testing, outside the development-testing-production flow.
Definition and examples: SandboxScalability is the ability of a system, network, or process to handle a growing amount of work, or to grow to meet that increase.
Definition and examples: ScalabilityIn Make, a scenario is a series of modules describing how data should move and change between apps and services. It is the visual automation unit that starts with a trigger.
Definition and examples: ScenarioA software development kit is a set of tools for developing software and extending capabilities for a specific platform. An SDK may include language-specific API files and sometimes examples, documentation, and debugging tools.
Definition and examples: SDKThe controlled storage, use, and rotation of keys, tokens, and passwords that services need to authenticate.
Definition and examples: Secret managementSIEM (short for Security Information and Event Management) is a category of information security software that serves as an organization's central technology monitoring hub. It automatically collects and analyzes data and activity logs from the organization's computing, communications, and cloud systems in real time to identify threats, alert on cyberattacks, and manage responses to security incidents.
Definition and examples: Security Information and Event ManagementSearch that aims to match meaning rather than only identical words, for example by using vector representations or models that compare text.
Definition and examples: Semantic searchSender Policy Framework (SPF) is a simple email authentication system developed to identify spoofing and impersonation. It lets receiving mail servers check whether messages sent from a given domain originated from a host authorized by the domain owner. RFC 7208 defines Sender Policy Framework.
Definition and examples: Sender Policy FrameworkSentiment analysis, sometimes also called opinion mining or emotional AI, uses natural language processing, text mining, computational linguistics, and biometrics to systematically identify, extract, quantify, and study emotional states and subjective information. Sentiment analysis is widely applied to reviews, survey responses, online networks, social networks, and more.
Definition and examples: Sentiment analysisA service-level agreement is an agreement between a provider and a customer that defines aspects such as quality, availability, and responsibility. A common element is whether the product meets the agreed terms, along with metrics such as the maximum response time for a request.
Definition and examples: SLASQL injection is a method of exploiting a security vulnerability in a computer program by interacting with its database. The name comes from a user entering SQL code into an input field intended for ordinary data.
Definition and examples: SQL injectionSSO is an authentication mechanism that lets a user sign in to multiple related but independent software systems with a single identity. True single sign-on grants access to services without requiring authentication factors again.
Definition and examples: SSOA staging (or pre-production) environment is a test environment that mirrors production as closely as possible. It is used to test before releasing changes to end users.
Definition and examples: StagingOutput returned in a predefined structure so software can validate and process it without interpreting free-form text.
Definition and examples: Structured outputA speech recognition system (STT or ASR) is a computer system that decodes human speech and converts it to text. The input may come from a microphone, a phone call, or another audio source.
Definition and examples: STTIn n8n, a sub-workflow is a reusable part of a larger workflow. A group of nodes can be turned into a sub-workflow to break logic into reusable components.
Definition and examples: Sub-workflowSupervised learning is a machine learning technique in which a system learns to solve problems from a large collection of examples that already have the correct answer.
Definition and examples: Supervised learningIn the OpenAI API, the instructions parameter gives the model high-level guidance about its behavior, such as tone, goals, and examples. These instructions take precedence over the prompt in the input and roughly correspond to a developer or system message.
Definition and examples: System promptTechnical debt is a software development concept that describes the hidden cost of future work created when choosing a quick solution today instead of a thorough one.
Definition and examples: Technical debtTemperature is a parameter that determines how much randomness there is in a language model's predictions when generating text. A higher value produces more creative and varied responses, while a lower value produces more conservative and predictable responses.
Definition and examples: TemperatureIn n8n, templates are ready-made workflows built by n8n and community members that you can import into your instance. After importing, you usually add credentials and adjust the settings. (A WhatsApp message template is a separate term: Message template.)
Definition and examples: TemplateTerraform is open-source infrastructure-as-code (IaC) software developed by HashiCorp. It lets users define and provision data center infrastructure using a readable configuration file in the declarative HCL language or in JSON.
Definition and examples: TerraformTest-driven development (TDD) is a method in which you write the test first, then the code it tests.
Definition and examples: Test-driven developmentA time series database is optimized for storing and retrieving values by time, such as measurements, metrics, and logs.
Definition and examples: Time series databaseTime to first token (TTFT) is a performance metric that measures how long it takes from when a language model receives a prompt until it produces the first token of its response.
Definition and examples: Time to first token (TTFT)A limit on how long to wait for an action or response before marking the wait as ended without a confirmed result.
Definition and examples: TimeoutTransport Layer Security (TLS), or its earlier version Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are the most popular and important security protocols on the internet. Nearly all websites protected by cryptographic means rely on protocols that are part of the SSL/TLS suite.
Definition and examples: TLSIn OpenAI documentation, tokens are the pieces of data passed to the model, from text to images. The context window is measured in tokens.
Definition and examples: TokensA tool is an additional resource that a model can access to retrieve information or perform an action.
Definition and examples: Tool (in an AI agent)In OpenAI documentation, tool calling is another name for function calling: the model decides it needs an external tool and returns a tool call. In n8n, a tool is an additional resource the model can access for information or to take action in an external system.
Definition and examples: Tool callingA transformer is a type of neural network architecture used to process sequential data, such as text, audio, video, biological sequences, and time series. The architecture is based mainly on attention mechanisms, particularly one called self-attention, which lets the model calculate relationships between every pair of units in a sequence.
Definition and examples: Transformer (machine learning)In n8n, a trigger node runs the process when a condition is met. Production workflows require at least one trigger. In Zapier, the trigger is the event that starts the Zap.
Definition and examples: TriggerA trigger node is a special node responsible for running a workflow when a condition is met.
Definition and examples: Trigger nodeA TTS system converts text in ordinary language into speech. Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech in software or hardware. The reverse process is speech recognition.
Definition and examples: TTSA robot that runs on its own on a server or in the cloud, with no person sitting in front of the screen.
Definition and examples: Unattended automationUnit tests verify that each small part of a system, such as a single function, works as expected.
Definition and examples: Unit testingIn computing, a Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) or Universal Unique Identifier (UUID) is a pseudorandom number used to uniquely identify an object in any context in which it may appear.
Definition and examples: UUIDA vector store saves mathematical representations of information. It is used with embeddings and retrieval so AI can answer using your documents.
Definition and examples: Vector storeKeeping a history of changes to code or configuration files so versions can be compared, reviewed, and restored when needed.
Definition and examples: Version controlA VPN (short for Virtual Private Network) is a service for transferring private information over infrastructure that is primarily or entirely publicly owned, or privately owned but publicly accessible. A VPN is intended to transfer information from an organization's network to an end user who is somewhere without the organization's private communications infrastructure, but where public infrastructure, such as the internet or telephone network, is available.
Definition and examples: Virtual private networkVirtualization is running software independently of the hardware itself by simulating computer infrastructure.
Definition and examples: VirtualizationAn AI agent, as described by n8n, receives requests, makes decisions, and performs tasks using a language model. A voice agent applies the same pattern to a spoken channel: incoming speech goes through STT, the agent acts, and the response is delivered through TTS. There is no official Hebrew page for the compound term.
Definition and examples: Voice agentA WhatsApp Business Account represents a business and contains phone numbers, usernames, and analytics. On the platform, it sits under a business portfolio.
Definition and examples: WABAA WAF (short for Web Application Firewall) is a firewall designed for web applications that monitors, filters, and blocks HTTP traffic to and from an application. Unlike a regular firewall that operates at the network level, a WAF examines the content of requests and can block attacks such as SQL injection and XSS.
Definition and examples: Web Application FirewallA webhook is a way to extend a web application's behavior through custom callbacks. These are "user-defined HTTP callbacks" triggered by an event: the source website sends an HTTP request to a configured address.
Definition and examples: WebhookTo authenticate an incoming webhook message, an HMAC signature in an HTTP header and a shared secret are sometimes used. GitHub, Stripe, and Facebook use this technique to prevent spoofing.
Definition and examples: Webhook secretAn official WhatsApp business bot sends and receives messages through the WhatsApp Business Platform, including the Cloud API. It is not a personal WhatsApp account or an unofficial library.
Definition and examples: WhatsApp botIn n8n, a workflow is a collection of nodes that automates a process. It starts when a trigger condition is met, then proceeds in sequence to perform complex tasks.
Definition and examples: WorkflowIn n8n, a workflow template is a ready-made workflow that you can import, learn from, and adapt to your use case, including connecting credentials and configuring settings.
Definition and examples: Workflow templateYAML is a text format for storing data structures, written to be human-readable. It is used mainly for configuration files and transferring data between applications.
Definition and examples: YAMLA Zap is a process in Zapier that connects apps to automate repetitive tasks. It consists of a trigger that starts it and one or more actions that run after the trigger.
Definition and examples: ZapA zero-trust network, also called a zero-trust network or simply zero trust (and also a zero-trust architecture, zero-trust security model, ZTA, or ZTNA), is a term in information technology (IT) and cybersecurity describing an approach to designing and implementing IT networks. The central idea behind zero trust is that devices on a network, such as laptops, should not be trusted by default, even if they are connected to a managed corporate network such as the corporate LAN and even if they were previously authenticated.
Definition and examples: Zero trust security modelA/B testing, also called split testing, is a method for comparing the current version with a change and determining which version produces better results. It is commonly used in marketing, e-commerce, web development, and other fields to assess users' responses to changes.
Definition and examples: A/B testingIn software engineering, particularly in databases and transaction management, ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. These properties are a cornerstone of databases and transaction management systems.
Definition and examples: ACIDA step the automation performs after the trigger: writing to a CRM, sending a message, or creating a task.
Definition and examples: ActionAn AI agent is an artificial intelligence system that can respond to requests, make decisions, and perform real-world tasks. It uses a large language model to interpret input and choose how to process a request using the information and resources available to it.
Definition and examples: Agent (AI agent)Information stored so an agent can use it beyond a single request, such as task state or preferences, according to the application's storage mechanism.
Definition and examples: Agent memoryAgile software development is an approach in which software is developed in short cycles, feedback is gathered, and direction is adjusted as needed instead of planning everything in advance.
Definition and examples: Agile software developmentArtificial intelligence is the ability of technological systems and computers to simulate aspects of human intelligence, including learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and visual or linguistic perception. Unlike software that follows a fixed set of instructions, these systems identify patterns in data and adapt to changing circumstances.
Definition and examples: AIAn application programming interface (API) defines how software can request information or actions from other software. In business automation, it can be used, for example, to search for a customer, update an order, or create a task without performing those actions manually on screen.
Definition and examples: APIAn API key is a value included with a request to a service to identify the connection, associate usage with an account, or grant access, according to the provider's rules. The key type determines what it allows and whether it must be kept secret.
Definition and examples: API keyAn artificial neural network (ANN), also called a neural network or connectionist network, is a computational mathematical model developed in inspiration from brain or cognitive processes that occur in a natural neural network and used in machine learning. This type of network usually contains many information units (inputs and outputs) connected to one another, with connections that often pass through “hidden” information units (hidden layers).
Definition and examples: Artificial neural networkA robot that runs alongside the user while they work, for example, filling in fields after a click.
Definition and examples: Attended automationA record of significant actions that includes the actor's identity, time, and result, so it is possible to determine who changed or approved something.
Definition and examples: Audit logAutomation uses mechanical or electronic devices to perform a planned sequence of actions without human intervention. It frees people from routine, repetitive tasks by replacing them with independent technological means.
Definition and examples: AutomationBase64 is a data encoding method that represents binary data in text format. Each sequence of six bits is represented by one ASCII character from a set of 64 possible characters. The term Base64 originates from a particular MIME encoding.
Definition and examples: Base64Processing a group of records together instead of performing a separate, immediate operation for each record, based on a set group size or schedule.
Definition and examples: Batch processingMapping and managing a workflow end to end: who approves, what happens next, and where it gets stuck.
Definition and examples: BPMIn Meta documentation, partners are entities that deploy value-added solutions as authorized WhatsApp service providers on behalf of clients. The current official name is Solution Partner (the market still says BSP): a Meta partner that provides full platform services (messaging, billing, integration, and support) and may extend a line of credit to a client.
Definition and examples: BSPBusiness intelligence (BI) is a field of information technology concerned with building systems that help an organization extract business-relevant information from the data it collects. Business intelligence systems provide historical and current information, as well as forecasts, about business operations. They can help identify meaningful patterns for managing an organization and create reports, alerts, and signals to support management decisions.
Definition and examples: Business intelligenceOn the WhatsApp Platform, a business portfolio lets an organization manage its Meta assets in one place. It primarily acts as a container for WhatsApp Business Accounts (WABAs), and is required to use the platform. Buyers in Israel still commonly say Business Manager.
Definition and examples: Business ManagerA business phone number, real or virtual, is used to send and receive WhatsApp messages.
Definition and examples: Business phone numberA CAPTCHA (short for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is a challenge-response test in computing intended to ensure that a response is not generated by a computer. Typically, the computer presenting the test asks a random question that a person can answer but that is very difficult for a computer.
Definition and examples: CAPTCHAIn cryptography, a certificate authority (CA) is an entity that stores, signs, and issues digital certificates. A digital certificate confirms that a public key belongs to the certificate holder. The CA acts as a trusted third party between the certificate holder and the party relying on the certificate.
Definition and examples: Certificate authorityA chatbot is software that specializes in managing text conversations, using natural language or a limited script. A conversation can be intended for marketing, consultation, customer service, or training, and the bot can be based on a language model or predefined rules.
Definition and examples: ChatbotSplitting a document into parts that can be indexed, searched, and passed to a model separately while preserving context about the source.
Definition and examples: ChunkingAn automated process that checks changes and prepares or performs a deployment according to set rules, instead of relying on manual steps for every update.
Definition and examples: CI/CDA business employee who builds automation without being a programmer, using tools such as Make or Power Automate.
Definition and examples: Citizen developerThe WhatsApp Business Platform Cloud API lets you programmatically send and receive WhatsApp messages and calls, including text, rich media, and interactive messages. It runs on Meta's infrastructure and does not require a business to host its own WhatsApp server.
Definition and examples: Cloud APICloud computing is a model that provides convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of computing resources (processing, storage, connectivity, and services).
Definition and examples: Cloud computingA content management system (CMS) is software for managing, editing, and publishing content on a website or intranet.
Definition and examples: CMS (Content management system)In n8n, the Code node lets you write JavaScript or Python code and run it as a step in a workflow. It replaced the Function and Function Item nodes starting with version 0.198.0.
Definition and examples: Code nodeCVE (short for Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) is a standardized system for identifying and recording known security vulnerabilities, with a unique identifier assigned to each one. The system is maintained by MITRE, with funding from the United States Department of Homeland Security.
Definition and examples: Common Vulnerabilities and ExposuresComputer vision is a major field of computer science concerned with the automatic processing of images and video to extract and interpret the visual information they contain. Practitioners develop mathematical and software tools for processing visual information.
Definition and examples: Computer visionHandling multiple tasks during the same period of time instead of waiting for each task to finish before starting the next.
Definition and examples: ConcurrencyConfiguration management is a process that keeps a system consistently aligned with its requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life.
Definition and examples: Configuration managementA Content Delivery Network, or CDN, is a system based on proxy servers and data centers. A CDN improves the speed and quality of data delivery to end users of websites by distributing servers geographically.
Definition and examples: Content delivery networkIn OpenAI documentation, the context window is the model's memory limit for a single generation request: how much data it can consider at one time. It is measured in tokens (pieces of input such as text or images), and its size varies between models.
Definition and examples: Context windowMicrosoft Copilot is a generative AI chatbot developed by Microsoft AI. During 2023, Microsoft unified the Copilot brand across its chatbot products (including Bing Chat and Microsoft 365), as an assistant in Windows, Edge, and Microsoft 365.
Definition and examples: CopilotIn n8n, credentials are authentication information stored securely to connect workflows to external services such as APIs or databases.
Definition and examples: CredentialCustomer relationship management is a field focused on customer service and understanding customer needs through information tools. It includes methodologies and software that help an organization manage customer relationships: acquisition, retention, and customer base development.
Definition and examples: CRMCron is a tool for scheduling jobs on Unix-like operating systems. It is commonly used to schedule tasks, commands, or scripts at fixed intervals or dates, so it is especially common in system maintenance and administration.
Definition and examples: CronXSS (short for Cross-site scripting) is a cyberattack against a web user that exploits a vulnerability in a web application. It allows an attacker to inject a malicious script intended to run in a user's browser and perform actions on the user's behalf on the site.
Definition and examples: Cross-site scriptingIn digital communications and computer science, a hash function is a function that converts input of any length into output of a fixed length, usually much shorter. It is undesirable for a hash function to produce identical output for different inputs, but this is sometimes unavoidable. Hash functions are therefore measured by the probability of producing identical output.
Definition and examples: Cryptographic hash functionCSRF (short for Cross Site Request Forgery) is an attack against a web user that forces the user's browser to perform unintended actions in web applications on the user's behalf by exploiting limitations in the HTTP protocol.
Definition and examples: CSRFCSV is a way to store tables as plain text: each record is on a line, and fields are separated by a character (usually a comma). It is commonly used to transfer information between spreadsheets, databases, and automations.
Definition and examples: CSVOn the WhatsApp Platform, the customer service window is the period after a user contacts a business during which non-template messages can be sent. Outside this window, businesses generally send template messages, which are subject to sending limits.
Definition and examples: Customer service windowA data breach is a security incident in which an unauthorized party accesses information, accidentally or deliberately.
Definition and examples: Data breachMatching fields in a source system to fields in a destination system, including converting names, types, and values.
Definition and examples: Data mappingData mining is the use of statistical tools to find correlations and trends in large amounts of information from different sources, even when the information is not organized as a database.
Definition and examples: Data miningChecking that input meets defined rules, such as required fields, data types, ranges, and relationships between values.
Definition and examples: Data validationA data warehouse is a database used by decision support systems. Data is usually exported from one or more operational systems for analysis.
Definition and examples: Data warehouseA database is a means of storing data in an organized way on a computer for retrieval and processing. It is stored on a data storage medium, usually a hard drive, that allows direct access to the data.
Definition and examples: DatabaseA separate queue for messages that were not processed successfully under the system's retry policy, so they can be reviewed and handled.
Definition and examples: Dead-letter queueIdentifying records or events that represent the same thing and deciding how to prevent them from being created or processed more than once.
Definition and examples: DeduplicationDeep learning is a set of machine learning methods based on artificial neural networks. “Deep” refers to learning through layered structures that progressively extract features from raw data.
Definition and examples: Deep LearningIn data communications, a denial-of-service attack (DoS) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS) is a family of attacks intended to disable a computer system by placing an unusual load on its resources. DoS describes an attack originating from a single computer, while DDoS describes an attack originating from multiple synchronized computers.
Definition and examples: Denial-of-service attackA digital signature is a cryptographic method intended to verify the authenticity and integrity of a digital message or document. A valid digital signature indicates with a high degree of confidence that the message or document has not been corrupted or forged: it was created or sent by a known party and was not changed by a third party after signing, or otherwise tampered with.
Definition and examples: Digital signatureDomainKeys Identified Mail, commonly known by the acronym DKIM, is an email authentication protocol developed to identify spoofing and impersonation. It does this by signing every outgoing email message. The public signing key is published in the Domain Name System (DNS).
Definition and examples: DKIMDNS is a protocol that lets network endpoints translate human-friendly domain names into numeric IP addresses. It also provides other name-based services, such as listing mail servers.
Definition and examples: DNSDocker is open-source software for running applications in an isolated virtual environment called a container. Each container includes its own software, libraries, and configuration files, so the application runs consistently without interfering with other applications.
Definition and examples: DockerEmbeddings are numerical representations of data using vectors. AI uses them to interpret complex data and relationships, and vector databases store them for retrieval.
Definition and examples: EmbeddingsEncryption is a cryptographic process for encoding information that converts its original representation, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Encryption systems generally use a pseudorandom encryption key generated by an algorithm.
Definition and examples: EncryptionA specific address in an API that performs one action, such as creating a lead or sending a message.
Definition and examples: EndpointAn enterprise resource planning system is an administrative information system that handles an organization's needs (human resources, finance, marketing, logistics, and operations) as a whole. It unifies systems through a consistent interface and shared information.
Definition and examples: ERPRules that define how a process responds to a failure, which details are retained, and whether it stops, retries, or escalates for handling.
Definition and examples: Error handlingData transfer: extract data from a source, transform it into a consistent format, and load it into a destination (such as a spreadsheet, warehouse, or CRM).
Definition and examples: ETLAccording to OpenAI, evaluations (sometimes called evals) check a model's output against predefined style and content criteria. Writing evals is an essential part of building reliable LLM applications, especially when upgrading a model or trying a new one.
Definition and examples: EvalsOrganizing a process so that a change or event triggers responses in other systems, instead of one component managing everything through a continuous sequence of calls.
Definition and examples: Event-driven architectureIn n8n, an execution is one run of a workflow. It can be started manually during testing or automatically in production through a trigger, schedule, or polling.
Definition and examples: ExecutionAn expert system is a computerized information system that performs the role of a human expert, or assists one, in a specific field of knowledge. It is a computer program that represents knowledge, draws conclusions from it, and can explain how it reached those conclusions.
Definition and examples: Expert systemA waiting strategy in which the interval between retries increases up to a set limit, to reduce load on a failing service.
Definition and examples: Exponential backoffIn n8n, expressions let you populate fields dynamically using JavaScript and data from previous nodes, other workflows, or the n8n environment.
Definition and examples: ExpressionFine-tuning is the process of adapting a trained model for another task, usually a more focused one. Additional training on new data is applied to parameters that have already been trained, across the whole network or some of its layers.
Definition and examples: Fine-tuningIn data communications, a firewall is a system for monitoring and blocking unwanted connections to a communications network or individual computer. At its core, a firewall is a "smart" router connecting a secured network to networks whose security cannot be guaranteed, such as the internet.
Definition and examples: Firewall (computing)A freelancer is a self-employed professional who provides services for predefined tasks to multiple clients, with control over how the work is done. There is no employer-employee relationship between the freelancer and the client, and the freelancer chooses clients, workload, and payment terms.
Definition and examples: FreelancerFreemium is a business model in which the product's basic tier is free, while advanced features are sold separately. It is a common model for digital tools.
Definition and examples: FreemiumIn OpenAI documentation, function calling (also called tool calling) is a mechanism that lets a model connect to external systems and access data outside its training data. The model returns a tool call with arguments, and the application runs the function and returns the result to the model.
Definition and examples: Function callingThe GDPR is the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation. It governs the processing of personal data and people's rights. Whether it applies, and what requirements apply to a particular process, depends on the activities and circumstances.
Definition and examples: GDPRGenerative artificial intelligence is a term for systems that produce new content (text, images, code, and more) instead of only retrieving existing information.
Definition and examples: Generative AIGit is an open-source distributed version control system that tracks changes to code and allows several people to work on it together.
Definition and examples: GitGPT is the name of a family of OpenAI language models that can process and generate content from input and instructions. Capabilities, pricing, and usage limits vary by model and access method.
Definition and examples: GPTA graph database stores information in a graph structure: nodes represent entities, edges represent the relationships between them, and properties describe both. This structure is especially useful for queries about relationships, such as a customer network or knowledge graph.
Definition and examples: Graph databaseGraphQL is an open-source query language and data manipulation language for APIs at runtime. It was developed at Facebook in 2012 and released in 2015, and lets a client request exactly the fields it needs.
Definition and examples: GraphQLgRPC (short for gRPC Remote Procedure Calls) is an open-source, cross-platform software framework for RPC. The gRPC software layer was originally created by Google. It uses HTTP/2 for data transport and Protocol Buffers as its interface description language.
Definition and examples: gRPCAccording to NVIDIA NeMo, guardrails are a programmable control layer around LLM applications. They block, modify, or validate user input and model output that is unsafe, off-topic, malicious, or policy-violating.
Definition and examples: GuardrailsIn artificial intelligence, a hallucination occurs when a large language model mistakenly perceives patterns or objects that do not exist. In the context of RAG, an ungrounded answer includes a guess or hallucination unsupported by the source documents.
Definition and examples: HallucinationThe transfer of a task from one agent, bot, or team to another, along with the information and responsibility needed to continue it.
Definition and examples: HandoffA helpdesk is a department or person that provides assistance and information, usually for computer or electronics issues. Research in this field also emphasizes the helpdesk's unique position: daily conversations with customers or employees about problems and how to use systems.
Definition and examples: HelpdeskHuman-in-the-loop (HITL) means incorporating a human decision, review, or approval into an automated process. In business automation, a process can prepare an action, wait for a person, and continue, change, or stop only after that person's decision.
Definition and examples: HITLHTTP is a protocol for transferring HTML pages and objects over the web. Communication begins with an exchange between a client and a server, from which requests such as GET or POST follow. REST calls, webhooks, and most cloud APIs are based on these requests.
Definition and examples: HTTP requestInfrastructure as a service is a cloud service in which users receive computing resources for their use: they can install virtual machines, operating systems, and applications, allocate storage, and set backup and scaling policies.
Definition and examples: IaaSIdempotency is a property of an action where repeating the same request does not add an intended effect beyond the first execution. In automation, it is used to prevent a retry from creating the same business action again.
Definition and examples: IdempotencyIn Make, incomplete executions are a safety mechanism that saves a scenario run that failed because of an error, so the scenario does not stop and data is not lost. The saved run can be handled automatically or manually. The mechanism is disabled by default.
Definition and examples: Incomplete executionsInfrastructure as code (IaC) is the process of managing and provisioning computing data-center resources using machine-readable configuration files rather than physical hardware configuration or interactive configuration tools. The IT infrastructure managed through this process includes both physical equipment, such as bare-metal servers, and virtual machines, along with related configuration resources.
Definition and examples: Infrastructure as codeIntegration means combining systems. Between systems, it is a connection that transfers data or triggers actions without manual copying.
Definition and examples: IntegrationIntegration tests check how a part of a system works together with other parts and systems it connects to.
Definition and examples: Integration testingiPaaS is a suite of cloud services that lets customers develop, run, and manage integration processes between different applications. Customers build the connections without installing or managing hardware or middleware themselves.
Definition and examples: iPaaSISO/IEC 27001 (commonly called ISO 27001) is an international standard for information security management. It was first published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2005, then updated in 2013 and again in 2022.
Definition and examples: ISO 27001ISO/IEC 27701 is an international standard that extends ISO/IEC 27001 with privacy requirements. Its purpose is to establish and maintain a privacy information management system on top of an existing information security management system.
Definition and examples: ISO 27701The Privacy Protection Law, 5741-1981, is Israel's principal law governing the right to privacy. It also covers databases and the use of personal information, so it is relevant to automation processes that collect or transfer customer details. The scope of obligations in each case depends on the circumstances.
Definition and examples: Israeli Privacy Protection LawIVR systems are automated telephony systems that interact with callers, collect information, and route calls to the appropriate destination. They work with speech recognition and DTMF input from the phone keypad.
Definition and examples: IVRJSON is a standard file and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transfer key-value data structures. It is commonly used to exchange information between a server and a client in automations and APIs.
Definition and examples: JSONA structured description of the shape of JSON data and the rules that apply to it, such as required fields, types, and allowed values.
Definition and examples: JSON SchemaJWT (JSON Web Token) is a standard for transferring signed information between two parties in JSON format. A common use is as an access token for authentication: after the server verifies the client, it issues a token, and the client presents it without sending a password again.
Definition and examples: JWTA knowledge graph is a structured representation of knowledge in graph form. Entities such as people, places, organizations, concepts, or events are represented as nodes, and the relationships between them as labeled edges. A knowledge graph aims to make facts and relationships explicit in a form that both people and computer systems can process.
Definition and examples: Knowledge graphKey performance indicators (KPIs) are the metrics an organization uses to assess its performance.
Definition and examples: KPI (Key performance indicator)Kubernetes, sometimes abbreviated as k8s and pronounced "koo-ber-NET-eez," is an open-source system for managing and automatically deploying applications in containers. It was originally designed by Google and is now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation. Kubernetes supports a range of container tools, including containerd and rkt.
Definition and examples: KubernetesA landing page is a single web page visitors arrive at from an advertising link. Its purpose is to focus visitors on one message and prompt an action: submitting contact details (a lead) or making a purchase.
Definition and examples: Landing pageLatency is the time from when a process is initiated until it actually begins to run. In a conversation with an agent or an API call, it is the time elapsed before a response is received.
Definition and examples: LatencyLDAP is an open protocol for accessing and managing directory services over IP networks. It is used to share information about users, systems, and services over a network, mainly within internal networks.
Definition and examples: LDAPGranting only the permissions needed for a task and its resources, rather than broad access by default.
Definition and examples: Least privilegeA large language model is a deep learning architecture for processing, predicting, and generating human language. It is trained on large amounts of text, has many parameters, and uses an attention mechanism that enables it to understand context.
Definition and examples: LLMIn computer science, load balancing is the distribution of work among multiple computers to reduce workload. In computing, load balancing improves the distribution of workloads across computing resources such as computers, computer clusters, network links, central processing units, or disk drives.
Definition and examples: Load balancing (computing)Recording events from a process or application to document what happened, at which stage, and with what result, at a defined level of detail.
Definition and examples: LoggingA low-code development platform provides an environment, usually a graphical interface, where little or no code is written. It can generate a working application or require additional code for specific cases, shortening delivery time.
Definition and examples: Low-codeMachine translation is the translation of text from one language to another by computer software.
Definition and examples: Machine translationMake (formerly Integromat) is an automation platform that connects apps and services to automate processes and tasks, including complex end-to-end workflows, without requiring coding expertise.
Definition and examples: MakeMCP (Model Context Protocol) is an open standard for connecting AI applications to external systems: data sources, tools, and workflows. The official documentation compares it to a USB-C port for AI.
Definition and examples: MCPTemplates are messages that can be prepared in advance. Approval is usually required before they can be sent. This is the type of message that can be sent to WhatsApp users outside the customer service window, and it is subject to quality ratings and sending limits.
Definition and examples: Message templateMeta Platforms (trade name Meta) is an American technology company that operates Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Messenger, among other services. The WhatsApp Business Platform runs on Meta infrastructure, including Graph API, business portfolios, and Cloud API.
Definition and examples: MetaMetadata is "information about information." The prefix meta comes from Greek and can mean "about," "after," or "beyond."
Definition and examples: MetadataMulti-factor authentication is electronic authentication that uses two or more methods to grant access to an account or system. Its purpose is to provide protection even if one authentication method fails.
Definition and examples: MFAMiddleware is computer software that connects software components or applications. It is generally used to develop and run complex, distributed applications.
Definition and examples: MiddlewareA minimum viable product (MVP) is an initial version of a product with the minimum needed for basic use, so you can learn from users quickly.
Definition and examples: Minimum viable productMachine learning is a subfield of computer science and artificial intelligence focused on algorithms that enable computers to learn from examples. It is used for tasks where conventional programming with predefined rules is not feasible.
Definition and examples: MLMQTT is a lightweight protocol for transferring messages between devices over a network. It suits environments with limited bandwidth, such as IoT and cellular networks, because it uses few resources.
Definition and examples: MQTTn8n is an automation platform for workflows and AI agents: build visually, add code when needed, and connect to hundreds of integrations. It can run in its cloud or on your own infrastructure.
Definition and examples: n8nIn n8n, a workflow is a collection of nodes that automates a process. (The general term is already in the live glossary; this is the n8n term.)
Definition and examples: n8n workflowNamed-entity recognition is a natural language processing task that extracts names of entities from text and classifies them into categories. These entities are usually people, organizations, locations, dates, quantities, monetary values, percentages, and more.
Definition and examples: Named-entity recognitionNatural language processing is a subfield of artificial intelligence and linguistics. It focuses on processing natural language and understanding human text or speech so computers can handle things said or written in human languages.
Definition and examples: NLPNo-code development means building applications or processes through a visual interface and configuration, instead of writing most of the integration in code. Advanced capabilities and customizations depend on the platform and process requirements.
Definition and examples: No-codeIn n8n, nodes are the components used to build a workflow. A node defines when the workflow runs, retrieves or sends data, controls logic, or connects to external services.
Definition and examples: NodeNumber portability is the ability for phone users to change their phone service provider without also changing their phone number. Before this capability was introduced, keeping a phone number when switching providers was possible only if that same number was available with the new provider.
Definition and examples: Number portabilityOAuth is an internet standard for delegated authorization. It lets a service access resources on another server on the owner's behalf, without requiring the user to give the third party their credentials for that server.
Definition and examples: OAuthObject-relational mapping (ORM) is a programming technique used in object-oriented programming languages to convert data between incompatible type systems: complex types (objects) in object-oriented programming languages and tables in relational databases.
Definition and examples: Object-relational mappingThe ability to understand what is happening in a system from signals such as logs, metrics, and request traces, and to investigate why a process behaved as it did.
Definition and examples: ObservabilityConverting an image or PDF into text that can be searched and processed.
Definition and examples: OCRIn cryptography and information security, a one-time password, or OTP, is a password used for a single authentication and then discarded. Because it is used only once, such a system provides what is called strong authentication and is resistant to replay attacks.
Definition and examples: One-time passwordOpen source refers to software whose source code is accessible and free to use, modify, and redistribute. This development model lets anyone who wishes to participate in developing the software and contribute to improving it.
Definition and examples: Open sourceSwagger is a suite of tools for API developers from SmartBear Software. It was also formerly the name of a specification from which the OpenAPI Specification evolved.
Definition and examples: OpenAPIUnder the WhatsApp Business Policy, user consent is required before sending template messages. The consent should clearly identify the business and the purpose of the messages.
Definition and examples: Opt-inOperating-system-level virtualization is a virtualization method used in computer systems, especially servers. It relies on the operating system kernel's ability to provide multiple separate user spaces that share a common operating system kernel. Such instances, sometimes called containers or software containers, appear to their owners and users to be real servers.
Definition and examples: OS-level virtualizationOverfitting is a condition in which a model is fitted too closely to the data it was trained on, so it performs worse when making predictions on new data.
Definition and examples: OverfittingPlatform as a service provides a platform for running or developing applications. Users get both computing resources and the infrastructure software needed to run or develop applications, without managing all the hardware themselves.
Definition and examples: PaaSDividing a list of results into multiple pages or segments, retrieved by page number, continuation link, or progress cursor.
Definition and examples: PaginationA penetration test (also called a pentest or PT) is a planned and controlled attack on a computer system carried out by a tester (a hacker or penetration tester) to find security weaknesses, assess the potential access they could provide, and evaluate the value of that access and the information stored by the system.
Definition and examples: Penetration testPhishing is an online scam in which someone impersonates a familiar party to steal sensitive information, such as passwords or payment details.
Definition and examples: PhishingA periodic check in which a system queries a data source at intervals to find out whether data has been added or changed.
Definition and examples: PollingA point of sale is the time and place where a retail transaction is completed: the merchant calculates the total, the customer pays, and a receipt may be issued.
Definition and examples: POSPretraining is the first stage of training a language model, in which the model learns from a large amount of unlabeled text.
Definition and examples: PretrainingIn software deployment, the production environment is the environment end users interact with. In an industrial setting, it is separated from the development environment, sometimes with intermediate stages for testing and rollback.
Definition and examples: ProductionA prompt is the input a large language model uses to generate text. Prompt engineering is the practice of writing effective instructions so a model consistently produces content that meets requirements.
Definition and examples: PromptPrompt engineering is a technique in the field of artificial intelligence. A “prompt” in this context is a specific input, usually an instruction, question, or query, given to an AI model or language model to produce a particular output.
Definition and examples: Prompt engineeringAn attempt to make a model follow instructions from input or external content that is not an authority, contrary to the task and the application's restrictions.
Definition and examples: Prompt injectionA proxy server, also known in Hebrew as an intermediary server, primarily provides fast access to external resources on a computer network. It can conceal an IP address by routing all internet connections through the proxy server: data is sent to it and then to the server, and back through it to the user.
Definition and examples: Proxy serverThe public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the worldwide network of circuit-switched telephone networks. Bezeq's telephone network in Israel is one of the networks included in it.
Definition and examples: PSTNPublic-key encryption, also called asymmetric encryption, is a branch of cryptography in which the encryption key differs from the decryption key. Each user generates a pair of keys: a public key, which is available to anyone and used for encryption, and a corresponding private key, which is kept secret and used for decryption.
Definition and examples: Public-key cryptographyA mechanism that holds tasks or messages until another component is available to process them, separating work intake from execution.
Definition and examples: QueueA race condition is a situation where a system's result depends on the order in which multiple processes run concurrently, or on events that do not occur at the expected time.
Definition and examples: Race conditionRAG is a technique that gives language models access to new information from external sources to improve their answers. The system retrieves relevant documents and grounds the answer in current or internal knowledge, sometimes through a vector database.
Definition and examples: RAGRansomware is malicious software that blocks access to affected computer systems and demands a ransom payment to remove the restriction.
Definition and examples: RansomwareRate limiting controls the rate at which requests are sent to or received by a network interface. On the WhatsApp platform, API requests count toward the app's request quota in a rolling one-hour window, and there are also message and throughput limits.
Definition and examples: Rate limitRedis is an in-memory NoSQL database that stores information as key-value pairs, making it especially fast. In automation systems, it is often used as a cache and task queue, for example when running n8n in queue mode.
Definition and examples: RedisRegression tests verify that a change or new version has not broken capabilities that worked before.
Definition and examples: Regression testingA regular expression (Regex) is a sequence of characters that defines a search pattern in text. In automation, regular expressions are used to find, extract, or validate information, such as a phone number or email address in an incoming message.
Definition and examples: Regular expression (Regex)Reinforcement learning, also called learning through reinforcement, is a field of machine learning in computer science concerned with how agents act in a dynamic environment to maximize the cumulative reward resulting from their actions. Reinforcement learning is considered one of three machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised learning and unsupervised learning.
Definition and examples: Reinforcement learningReinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a method for training a language model that has already undergone pretraining, so that it behaves in accordance with human preferences.
Definition and examples: Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF)A relational database stores information in tables with relationships between them, and data is usually retrieved using SQL.
Definition and examples: Relational databaseA step that reorders candidates already retrieved by a search, based on how well they match the question or task.
Definition and examples: RerankingREST is an architectural style for implementing network services (APIs). Its central idea is to define a resource whose state changes through interactions between a provider and a consumer, usually over HTTP.
Definition and examples: RESTAnother attempt to run an action that failed, when there is reason to believe the failure is temporary and repeating the action is appropriate.
Definition and examples: RetryA reverse proxy is a server that receives requests from clients, retrieves resources from one or more servers behind it, and returns them as if they came from the proxy.
Definition and examples: Reverse proxyReturn on investment (ROI) is a financial metric that assesses whether investing money, time, or other resources in a particular activity is worthwhile.
Definition and examples: ROI (Return on investment)In computer security, role-based access control, or RBAC, is an approach to managing user permissions. It can implement either mandatory access control (MAC) or discretionary access control (DAC).
Definition and examples: Role-based access controlReverting code or a configuration to an earlier version after a problematic change. It does not automatically undo business actions that have already taken place.
Definition and examples: RollbackRobotic process automation (RPA) uses software robots to perform repetitive actions, often through user interfaces. It can work alongside AI capabilities, but does not require a language model or AI agent.
Definition and examples: RPASoftware that runs at the provider and is accessed through a browser or app, without installing a server at your organization.
Definition and examples: SaaSIn deployment environments, a sandbox (or experimental environment) is a place for experiments that are not intended to move into production. It appears alongside environments such as QC and acceptance testing, outside the development-testing-production flow.
Definition and examples: SandboxScalability is the ability of a system, network, or process to handle a growing amount of work, or to grow to meet that increase.
Definition and examples: ScalabilityIn Make, a scenario is a series of modules describing how data should move and change between apps and services. It is the visual automation unit that starts with a trigger.
Definition and examples: ScenarioA software development kit is a set of tools for developing software and extending capabilities for a specific platform. An SDK may include language-specific API files and sometimes examples, documentation, and debugging tools.
Definition and examples: SDKThe controlled storage, use, and rotation of keys, tokens, and passwords that services need to authenticate.
Definition and examples: Secret managementSIEM (short for Security Information and Event Management) is a category of information security software that serves as an organization's central technology monitoring hub. It automatically collects and analyzes data and activity logs from the organization's computing, communications, and cloud systems in real time to identify threats, alert on cyberattacks, and manage responses to security incidents.
Definition and examples: Security Information and Event ManagementSearch that aims to match meaning rather than only identical words, for example by using vector representations or models that compare text.
Definition and examples: Semantic searchSender Policy Framework (SPF) is a simple email authentication system developed to identify spoofing and impersonation. It lets receiving mail servers check whether messages sent from a given domain originated from a host authorized by the domain owner. RFC 7208 defines Sender Policy Framework.
Definition and examples: Sender Policy FrameworkSentiment analysis, sometimes also called opinion mining or emotional AI, uses natural language processing, text mining, computational linguistics, and biometrics to systematically identify, extract, quantify, and study emotional states and subjective information. Sentiment analysis is widely applied to reviews, survey responses, online networks, social networks, and more.
Definition and examples: Sentiment analysisA service-level agreement is an agreement between a provider and a customer that defines aspects such as quality, availability, and responsibility. A common element is whether the product meets the agreed terms, along with metrics such as the maximum response time for a request.
Definition and examples: SLASQL injection is a method of exploiting a security vulnerability in a computer program by interacting with its database. The name comes from a user entering SQL code into an input field intended for ordinary data.
Definition and examples: SQL injectionSSO is an authentication mechanism that lets a user sign in to multiple related but independent software systems with a single identity. True single sign-on grants access to services without requiring authentication factors again.
Definition and examples: SSOA staging (or pre-production) environment is a test environment that mirrors production as closely as possible. It is used to test before releasing changes to end users.
Definition and examples: StagingOutput returned in a predefined structure so software can validate and process it without interpreting free-form text.
Definition and examples: Structured outputA speech recognition system (STT or ASR) is a computer system that decodes human speech and converts it to text. The input may come from a microphone, a phone call, or another audio source.
Definition and examples: STTIn n8n, a sub-workflow is a reusable part of a larger workflow. A group of nodes can be turned into a sub-workflow to break logic into reusable components.
Definition and examples: Sub-workflowSupervised learning is a machine learning technique in which a system learns to solve problems from a large collection of examples that already have the correct answer.
Definition and examples: Supervised learningIn the OpenAI API, the instructions parameter gives the model high-level guidance about its behavior, such as tone, goals, and examples. These instructions take precedence over the prompt in the input and roughly correspond to a developer or system message.
Definition and examples: System promptTechnical debt is a software development concept that describes the hidden cost of future work created when choosing a quick solution today instead of a thorough one.
Definition and examples: Technical debtTemperature is a parameter that determines how much randomness there is in a language model's predictions when generating text. A higher value produces more creative and varied responses, while a lower value produces more conservative and predictable responses.
Definition and examples: TemperatureIn n8n, templates are ready-made workflows built by n8n and community members that you can import into your instance. After importing, you usually add credentials and adjust the settings. (A WhatsApp message template is a separate term: Message template.)
Definition and examples: TemplateTerraform is open-source infrastructure-as-code (IaC) software developed by HashiCorp. It lets users define and provision data center infrastructure using a readable configuration file in the declarative HCL language or in JSON.
Definition and examples: TerraformTest-driven development (TDD) is a method in which you write the test first, then the code it tests.
Definition and examples: Test-driven developmentA time series database is optimized for storing and retrieving values by time, such as measurements, metrics, and logs.
Definition and examples: Time series databaseTime to first token (TTFT) is a performance metric that measures how long it takes from when a language model receives a prompt until it produces the first token of its response.
Definition and examples: Time to first token (TTFT)A limit on how long to wait for an action or response before marking the wait as ended without a confirmed result.
Definition and examples: TimeoutTransport Layer Security (TLS), or its earlier version Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are the most popular and important security protocols on the internet. Nearly all websites protected by cryptographic means rely on protocols that are part of the SSL/TLS suite.
Definition and examples: TLSIn OpenAI documentation, tokens are the pieces of data passed to the model, from text to images. The context window is measured in tokens.
Definition and examples: TokensA tool is an additional resource that a model can access to retrieve information or perform an action.
Definition and examples: Tool (in an AI agent)In OpenAI documentation, tool calling is another name for function calling: the model decides it needs an external tool and returns a tool call. In n8n, a tool is an additional resource the model can access for information or to take action in an external system.
Definition and examples: Tool callingA transformer is a type of neural network architecture used to process sequential data, such as text, audio, video, biological sequences, and time series. The architecture is based mainly on attention mechanisms, particularly one called self-attention, which lets the model calculate relationships between every pair of units in a sequence.
Definition and examples: Transformer (machine learning)In n8n, a trigger node runs the process when a condition is met. Production workflows require at least one trigger. In Zapier, the trigger is the event that starts the Zap.
Definition and examples: TriggerA trigger node is a special node responsible for running a workflow when a condition is met.
Definition and examples: Trigger nodeA TTS system converts text in ordinary language into speech. Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech in software or hardware. The reverse process is speech recognition.
Definition and examples: TTSA robot that runs on its own on a server or in the cloud, with no person sitting in front of the screen.
Definition and examples: Unattended automationUnit tests verify that each small part of a system, such as a single function, works as expected.
Definition and examples: Unit testingIn computing, a Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) or Universal Unique Identifier (UUID) is a pseudorandom number used to uniquely identify an object in any context in which it may appear.
Definition and examples: UUIDA vector store saves mathematical representations of information. It is used with embeddings and retrieval so AI can answer using your documents.
Definition and examples: Vector storeKeeping a history of changes to code or configuration files so versions can be compared, reviewed, and restored when needed.
Definition and examples: Version controlA VPN (short for Virtual Private Network) is a service for transferring private information over infrastructure that is primarily or entirely publicly owned, or privately owned but publicly accessible. A VPN is intended to transfer information from an organization's network to an end user who is somewhere without the organization's private communications infrastructure, but where public infrastructure, such as the internet or telephone network, is available.
Definition and examples: Virtual private networkVirtualization is running software independently of the hardware itself by simulating computer infrastructure.
Definition and examples: VirtualizationAn AI agent, as described by n8n, receives requests, makes decisions, and performs tasks using a language model. A voice agent applies the same pattern to a spoken channel: incoming speech goes through STT, the agent acts, and the response is delivered through TTS. There is no official Hebrew page for the compound term.
Definition and examples: Voice agentA WhatsApp Business Account represents a business and contains phone numbers, usernames, and analytics. On the platform, it sits under a business portfolio.
Definition and examples: WABAA WAF (short for Web Application Firewall) is a firewall designed for web applications that monitors, filters, and blocks HTTP traffic to and from an application. Unlike a regular firewall that operates at the network level, a WAF examines the content of requests and can block attacks such as SQL injection and XSS.
Definition and examples: Web Application FirewallA webhook is a way to extend a web application's behavior through custom callbacks. These are "user-defined HTTP callbacks" triggered by an event: the source website sends an HTTP request to a configured address.
Definition and examples: WebhookTo authenticate an incoming webhook message, an HMAC signature in an HTTP header and a shared secret are sometimes used. GitHub, Stripe, and Facebook use this technique to prevent spoofing.
Definition and examples: Webhook secretAn official WhatsApp business bot sends and receives messages through the WhatsApp Business Platform, including the Cloud API. It is not a personal WhatsApp account or an unofficial library.
Definition and examples: WhatsApp botIn n8n, a workflow is a collection of nodes that automates a process. It starts when a trigger condition is met, then proceeds in sequence to perform complex tasks.
Definition and examples: WorkflowIn n8n, a workflow template is a ready-made workflow that you can import, learn from, and adapt to your use case, including connecting credentials and configuring settings.
Definition and examples: Workflow templateYAML is a text format for storing data structures, written to be human-readable. It is used mainly for configuration files and transferring data between applications.
Definition and examples: YAMLA Zap is a process in Zapier that connects apps to automate repetitive tasks. It consists of a trigger that starts it and one or more actions that run after the trigger.
Definition and examples: ZapA zero-trust network, also called a zero-trust network or simply zero trust (and also a zero-trust architecture, zero-trust security model, ZTA, or ZTNA), is a term in information technology (IT) and cybersecurity describing an approach to designing and implementing IT networks. The central idea behind zero trust is that devices on a network, such as laptops, should not be trusted by default, even if they are connected to a managed corporate network such as the corporate LAN and even if they were previously authenticated.
Definition and examples: Zero trust security model